Ecusson by Jean d'Albret c1947

Ecusson was launched in 1947 in France by Jean d'Albret and was introduced to the United States in 1951. The fragrance was composed by the perfumers at Roure.

Ecusson means "Coat of Arms" in French, it was advertised as having a history traceable to the fabulous French era of the 1570's where it was first introduced into the court of Jeanne d 'Albret, mother of King Henry IV and its formula carefully guarded. The legend goes on to say that it was created for Marshall Alphonse d'Ornano, who was considered to be a connoisseur of perfumes, by an ancient chemist who entertained an envious reputation for his perfumes that were the toast of Paris. "Ecusson, a devastating and frankly feminine memorable perfume .."

Old South Toiletries

In the 1930s and into the 1940s, a fascination with all things early American were showing up in various forms, from reproduction maple furniture to hand blown glassware, and perfume companies jumped on the bandwagon eager to take in the benefit of the fads.

PERFUME HACK: Opening a Perfume Bottle with a Stuck Stopper

Have you been frustrated by a stuck stopper on your perfume bottle? We collectors refer these stuck stoppers as being "frozen." Wonder how to open it safely without breaking the stopper? Be sure to try these tricks at your own discretion!

Personally, I use a cotton swab moistened with rum or vodka to rub into the mouth of the bottle and around the stopper plug. This helps to loosen and remove the dried up perfume residue and dries quickly without altering the perfume inside the bottle. I also apply gel type hand sanitizer in the same manner, leave it on for awhile, then try to loosen the stopper, if it doesn't budge, I just keep repeating the steps until it finally does work.

If this trick doesn't work for you, I took the liberty of searching vintage newspapers and magazines to see how other people dealt with this very problem and figured I would share them with you.

From 1880: Young ladies are sometimes in a dilemma over a glass stopper that will stick fast in a pretty perfume bottle Let them steam the neck of the (the bottle) over the teakettle and knock it gently with a knife blade. If that will not serve the purpose, put a few drops of sweet oil about the cork and set the bottle near the fire where it will get warm.

From 1895: To loosen glass stoppers - the stoppers of vinaigrettes, smelling and perfume bottles are very liable to get stuck, and if they are forced out the result is usually a breakage. Sometimes the stopper can be loosened by tapping it gently but sharply with the edge of a half dollar or dollar piece; or a bottle of smelling salts may be placed, stopper downward, in a cup of hot water, not hot enough to split the glass. In a few minutes, the stopper will be quite loose again.

From 1924: Should the glass stopper of our favorite perfume bottle stick, pour a little glycerine about the neck of the stopper and forget about it for a little while. You will find it will then turn easily.

From 1926: Should the glass stopper of your perfume bottle become stuck in the neck of the bottle, light a match and hold it so the flame surrounds the bottle's neck. When the glass becomes hot, try turning the stopper. It will invariably turn.

From 1927: Wet a cloth in hot water and wrap it about the neck of the bottle. Very often it will be sufficient to release the stopper. The principle is to expand the neck of the bottle by heat. If this should fail, just pout a few drops of alcohol or toilet water, if you do not happen to have alcohol handy, on the neck of the bottle where the stopper fits and in a few moments you will be able to remove it without any effort.

From 1939: If the glass stopper in that prized perfume bottle of perfume resists your attempts to remove it simply place a few drops of glycerin around the stopper to loosen it quickly and easily.

Also from 1939: How can the glass stopper of an expensive perfume bottle be removed? The crystal top of the stopper has broken off jaggedly just below the top of the bottle. - Run a few drops of glycerine around the joint between the stopper and the bottle neck. Let stand for several hours. Place a rubber suction cup of the same diameter as that of the mouth of the bottle. The suction under the rubber cup may draw the stopper loose.

From 1941: When a glass stopper is stuck, try standing the bottle upside down so that the perfume will soak in around the stopper. After a few hours, this may loosen the stopper sufficiently so it can be removed. Slightly twist the stopper as you pull. If the bottle is empty and the stopper will not come out, drop some glycerine into the joint and allow it to stand a day or two. This will sometimes moisten it sufficiently so it can be removed. 

Also from 1941: Another suggestion for removing the stubborn stoppers is to heat the bottle. Forst add a drop or two of glycerine around the joint and allow it time to work between the bottle and stopper. Apply heat to the neck of the bottle to expand the glass by dipping the neck into hot water or hold a lighted match under the neck at a sufficient distance to heat, but not to break it. Still another method is to allow hot water to drip over the neck until it is hot in that area. Heat applied by this method should expand the glass in the neck before the stopper has a chance to be heated nd to expand. Sweet oil dropped around a tight joint may do the trick. Add one or two drips then place the bottle near a fire where it will become quite warm. Then carefully strike the stopper first on one side and then on the other with a stick wrapped in a cloth. 

From 1949: So you've a new bottle of perfume. There's special technique to opening it. Don't put it under hot water. First cut away all the trimming around the neck. Sever cord which is tightly entwined around the neck of the bottle and the stopper. Then using a small sharp pair of scissors slash the metal cord which is tightly entwined around the neck of the bottle and the stopper. Cut Sealer. To remove the sealer of wax paper or cellophane that is on the neck of every original bottle to foil evaporation, use a razor blade or a sturdy bobby pin. See the photos below.

From 1950: If a glass stopper cannot be removed from the bottle, hold it under the hot water faucet until the glass if fairly hot. Or wind a piece of string around the neck of the bottle and pull rapidly back and forth until the glass is hot, then give a light tap to the stopper with a piece of metal.

From 1951: There are tricks to preserving the beauty of your perfume bottle. Too often beautiful glass containers are shattered by impatient hands or awkward techniques when the stopper gets stuck. The proper procedure is to avoid banging the stopper against the edge of your vanity or prying at with another glass stopper. Tap the underside of the stopper, turning the bottle was you work, so that the loosening will be even all around. A few gentle blows should suffice to open the bottle.

Also from 1951: Place the bottle in the refrigerator and chill overnight. Remove and place in hot (not boiling) water. Water should come to top of the bottle but not cover it. Leave for a few minutes and the stopper will come out easily.

From 1953: Place the bottle on top of the ice cubes in the refrigerator freezing unit, leave it there about 20 minutes. Then with very little effort, the glass stopper should come out.

Also from 1953: The trick is to heat the neck of the bottle so it will expand, without heating the stopper itself. One method is to hold the bottle horizontally, revolve slowly with the neck over the flame of a match. Hot water may also be used as a heating agent on the neck of the bottle, using care that the stopper is not heated, and that too sudden expansion of the glass does not break the bottle. Sometimes glycerine allowed to run around the joint between bottle and stopper and left standing for a few hours will do the trick.

From 1957: Take one bottle and tap it gently against the glass stopper of another bottle. Do this all the way around the glass stopper until it loosens. But do it gently. In case this method does not work, I would advise you consult a druggist. They have constant experiences with glass bottles and stuck stoppers. [Note - However, today's pharmacists have more experience with plastic bottles rather than glass ones, you may wish to consult someone who deals with chemistry]

Also from 1957: "For years I have kept handy a simple pair of pliers and with it have removed many a 'stuck' bottle top, including perfume bottle tops, metal tube tops, in fact, any number of 'stuck' things such as leather,. etc. A firm grip on one of your perfume bottle tops (to test it), turning the pliers slowly but carefully ought to do the trick. Good luck."

From 1959: I don't know any expert way, but I have seen them loosened by running alternate cold and hot water over the neck, then twist the glass stopper.

From 1966: "I had a cut glass cruet with a stopper stuck. An antique dealer told me running hot and cold water over it was dangerous. He provided me with a better solution. Get penetrating oil from a gas station and let a couple drops ooze around the stopper overnight. Take a kitchen knife wrapped in a man's handkerchief and tap the stopper gently until it is loosened."

From 1967: A reader told us recently that she had a perfume bottle with the stopper stuck. Put it in the refrigerator overnight and in the morning, it came out easily.

From 1968: Put three drops of glycerin around the stopper and let stand for a few days. The stopper will then come out easily. Another tip, light a kitchen match and hold it under the neck of the bottle, immediately take a rag and turn the stopper. It will be hot and may smear from the burning match but that will wash off.

From 1972: To remove the stuck stopper of a perfume bottle, try running very hot water on the stopper while keeping the bottle dry. If this does not work, try holding a lighted match on the neck of the stopper. Be careful, because too much direct heat may crack the glass.

From 1976: Here's a suggestion for someone who has a perfume bottle with a stuck stopper. When I was a nurse, we used to have to soak hypodermic [needles] to get them unstuck, they were ground glass too, like perfume bottles. We soaked them in the solvent for whatever was inside. The solvent for perfume often is alcohol, so soak your perfume bottle in alcohol. It may take several days. For other substances, the solvent ,might be water or it might be acetone. You'll have to know what's inside a bottle to know what the solvent agent is.

From 1980: Our good friend Jack Rogers sends his idea for removing a stuck glass stopper from a perfume bottle: "Put the bottle in the freezer, but not long enough for any liquid to freeze or crack the glass. The cold will make the glass contract. Then gently warm the bottle with lukewarm water. The thinner the glass of the bottle neck will respond faster than the thicker glass of the stopper. So it will expand first and permit twisting out the stopper."

From 1981: Sharply tap the stopper area several times with the side of a glass tumbler (never a knife handle). Give the stopper a one quarter turn and remove it.  The force of the  taps "shocks" the top into coming out easily.

From 1982: When the stopper on the perfume is stuck, put the bottle in the refrigerator until thoroughly cold then remove the stopper. Twist the stopper back and forth when re-inserting it, and it will prevent later sticking too.

From 1985: Hints from Heloise suggests to mix together one-half teaspoon salt, one teaspoon rubbing alcohol and one-half teaspoon glycerine (available at any drugstore). Pour or dribble this solution around the stopper, letting it seep in.  Allow it to soak in for several hours, even a day or two, if needed. Then gently wiggle the stopper. The stopper should lift out after this treatment but you may have to help it by gently tapping the neck of the bottle with a wooden spoon. Be careful and ever so gentle.

From 1990: suggestions included the following: soak the bottle in warm, soapy water, then tap the stopper gently; place a few drops of paraffin oil around the neck and leave on for 20 minutes; put a piece of cord around the neck and pull to and fro, this produces friction and with gentle tapping, the stopper should come out.

From 1992: Advice, decades old, comes from a gracious lady who was an executive for Mary Chess, Inc., a perfume/fragrance company. She used this method to open antique bottles: Warm drops of baby oil over a candle or hot water. Drip oil into the rim of the bottle so it can ooze between stopper and bottle neck to soften residue holding stopper. Wait a few minutes before trying to gently twist the stopper. Repeat minutes later. Another possibility: Wrap a hot wet cloth around the bottle neck. Never run hot water over the bottle or hold it long over steam, which may crack delicate glass.

From 1994: Use a piece of string similar to fishing cord of yesteryear. Have a friend give you an assist. Loop the cord one time around the neck of the bottle. While one person holds the bottle, have the second person pull the cord rapidly back and forth for at least three minutes. The neck of the bottle will heat up and swell. The glass stopper will not. If this doesn't work the first time, try it again.

From 1997: Stuck glass stoppers: we've recommended a number of ways to unstick glass stoppers, but here's a new one from Joseph Tunstall: "Sixty-five years ago, when I started working in my hometown drugstore, it was not uncommon to have glass-stoppered and cork-stoppered bottles. For a glass stopper, use a short piece of household twine and make one loop over the neck of the bottle. Grasp the two ends of twine and pull them rapidly back and forth while a second party is holding the bottle. The friction creates heat, and in very little time, you can remove the stopper. I have removed hundreds of stoppers this way. The technique also works on perfume bottles. I never found one I couldn't open, although you may have to repeat the process as you work the stopper upward."

To keep your glass stopper from being stuck again, use this tip from 1963: smear a little petroleum jelly inside the stopper, it will also help keep your perfume from evaporating.

Flora Danica by Royal Copenhagen c1980

Flora Danica by Royal Copenhagen, a division of Swank, is a discontinued perfume still popular with its original users. This elusive fragrance is very hard to find today and commands high prices when offered for sale. The perfume was introduced in 1980 and discontinued around 1986.

Societe La France Toilet Goods

Societe La France Toilet Goods company, Inc., or La France Laboratories, played a significant role in the perfumery industry during the 1920s. Their introduction of fragrances paired with matching face powders exemplified their understanding of the importance of scent and cosmetics in personal grooming and luxury.

The association with Parfumerie Saint Cyr, founded by Claude Saint Cyr, further enhanced La France's prestige. Claude Saint Cyr's background in millinery likely influenced the company's approach to fragrance and cosmetics, as milliners often had a keen sense of style and aesthetics, which translated well into the world of perfumery.

Collaborating with Parfumerie Saint Cyr not only provided La France with access to high-quality fragrances but also allowed them to tap into the rich tradition of French perfumery, renowned for its sophistication and artistry.

By offering coordinated fragrances and face powders, La France Laboratories catered to consumers looking for harmonious and complete beauty routines, reflecting the era's growing interest in cosmetics and personal grooming.

Overall, La France's partnership with Parfumerie Saint Cyr and their innovative approach to fragrance and cosmetics solidified their position as a prominent player in the perfumery industry during the 1920s, leaving a lasting legacy of elegance and refinement.

Detchema by Revillon c1953

Detchéma by Revillon: launched in 1953 and named for the Tibetan sorceress of joy. The perfume was specially blended by Léon Hardy at IFF to perfume furs, its component extracts included from essences from India and from Ceylon.

Habanita by Molinard c1921

Habanita by Molinard: the essence of Havana, was launched in 1921. Interestingly, the fragrance was first created to perfume cigarettes, which was a fad during the 1920s. Other companies such as Bourjois also had perfume for cigarettes as well with their Ashes of Roses scent. The idea behind perfuming cigarettes was to cover up the stale smell of the smoke as well as make it more enjoyable, especially to women.

Diagonal by Pertegaz c1965

Considered to be one of the classics of Spanish fashion design, Manuel Pertegaz opened his first couture house at the young age of 25 in Barcelona - this was 1942. Pertegaz was on the mezzanine of the famous Diagonal Avenue and in 1965 he launched his first perfume, Diagonal. It was also the first perfume to be created by a Spanish designer and sold worldwide.

Diagonal is a feminine chypre perfume, sparkling with soapy aldehydes, very mossy, fernlike, powdery with labdanum, I detect some sandalwood and heavy, sharp green notes and vetiver. The top notes are a little bruised, but this fades quickly leaving a potent fragrance. The perfume could also be worn by a male as it smells quite unisex.

This has been discontinued for about 30 some years, it is very rare and I have the only one offered for sale on the internet.

Manuel Pertegaz one of the greatest Spanish couturiers with international name, he launched 3 fragrances: Diagonal, Muy Pertegaz and Sport.

Collectible Kohl Containers

From Wikipedia:

"Kohl (Arabic: كحل‎ kuḥl; Hindi: काजल kājal; Kurdish: کڵە; suRuma; Somali: kuul; Telugu: katuka Katika; Tamil: கண் மை Kan Mai), also known as kol, kehal or kohal in the Arab world, and surma or kajal in South Asia, is a cosmetic typically made by grinding galena (lead sulfide) and other ingredients. It is used predominantly by women, but also some men and children, in the Middle East, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and South Asia to darken the eyelids and as mascara for the eyelashes.

Kohl has been worn traditionally as far back as the Bronze Age (3500 B.C. onward) by the Egyptians. It was originally used as protection against eye ailments. There was also a belief that darkening around the eyes would protect one from the harsh rays of the sun.

India's oldest caste, the koli, used kohl as a cosmetic. In addition, mothers would apply kohl to their infants' eyes soon after birth. Some did this to "strengthen the child's eyes", and others believed it could prevent the child from being cursed by the evil eye.

Kohl is known by various names in South Asian languages, like sirma or surma in Punjabi, kajal in Hindi and Urdu, kaatuka in Telugu, kan mai in Tamil and kaadige in Kannada. In India, it is used by women as a type of eyeliner that is put around the edge of the eyes. Even now in southern rural India, especially in Kerala, women of the household prepare the kajal. This home-made kajal is used even for infants. Local tradition considers it to be a very good coolant for the eyes and believes that it "protects the eyesight and vision from the sun".

In Punjabi culture, sirma or surma is a traditional ceremonial dye, which predominantly men of the Punjab wear around their eyes on special social or religious occasions. It is usually applied by the wife or the mother of the male.

Some women also add a dot of kajal on the left side of the foreheads or under the right ear of babies and children, to protect them from 'buri nazar'. 'Buri nazar' literally means 'bad glance' and is comparable to the 'evil eye', although it can be interpreted as ill-wishes of people or even lustful eyes, in the sense of men ogling women."

For thousands of years, kohl has been housed in various containers. The ancient Egyptians put their kohl in containers made up of glass, ivory, hollowed reeds, faience, pottery, gold, silver and bronze. Many of these containers are tube like in design and have long stick like applicators. These are the precursors to modern day mascara tubes.

 Many kohl preparations were extensive. The cosmetic material had to be powdered on a palette and then this powder mixed with a substance, (analysis indicates that these were usually ointments derived from animal fat) to make the powder adhere to the eye. Eye makeup equipment (palettes, grinders, applicators) has been found among the earliest burials of the pre-dynastic period and seem to have been essential items for the afterlife.

Eye make up provided psychic protection as well. The Egyptian word for eye-palette seems to derive from their word for "protect." An unadorned and thus unprotected eye was believed vulnerable to the Evil Eye. Outlining the eyes thus became a personal protective amulet drawn right upon the skin; an amulet that once applied could not be lost or misplaced.


The Egyptians used two types of eye makeup:

Udju was made from green malachite (green ore of copper) from Sinai. Sinai and its mines were considered under the spiritual dominion of Hathor, ancient goddess of beauty, joy, love and women. She bore the epithet "Lady of Malachite."

Mesdemet, a dark gray ore of lead, was derived from either stibnite (antimony sulphide) or, more typically, galena (lead sulphide.) Galena was found around Aswan and on the Red Sea Coast. It was also among the materials brought back by Pharaoh Hatshepsut's famed expedition to Punt and was given in tribute by Asiatic nomads.

Kohl is applied using a stick, moistened first in rosewater or olive oil, then placed inside the tube and twist it in the kohl until the makeup adheres to the stick. Then give it a little shake or a tiny flick of the wrist so that the excess falls off. Place the kohl stick in the inner corner of your eye. Close your eyes (lightly- don't squish them shut- you'll distort the line)

Gently draw the stick outwards, between your closed lids: the kohl will leave a smudgy line on both the upper and lower eyelids. If done correctly, this will not hurt. Please note that a genuine kohl stick should have a slightly rounded bulbous end, kind of like a polished wooden q-tip.

Today you can find beautiful kohl containers made up of pewter or brass with ornate pierced tops, these are called mukhallahs or makhallas, people mistake these for perfume bottles.

 Also you can find the pendant type of kohl containers which some people mistake as antique Victorian chatelaine perfumes, but they arent, most date to the 1960s-1970s and are even still made today. These are made in the Middle East, Pakistan and India.



An 1904 newspaper article describes what ancient women wore as cosmetics:

PAINT AND POWDER.

"Paint and powder have been used for toilet purposes from time immemorial, and it is. believed that cosmetics were better understood in the days, of ancient Egypt than they are even to-day, A professor of a German University, in his researches among Egyptian mummies some years ago, discovered, we are told, certain cosmetics used by the ladies of fashion in the land of the Pharaohs in the time of Princess Aft.entombed and embalmed some 3,400 years ago. 

The beauties of to-day are not, perhaps, much- in advance of Cleopatra, after all, in their manner of making up. One who has made deep- researched into the subject has recorded that - ' the Egyptians were very cleanly in their habits, and after their baths they rubbed themselves with fragrant oils and ointment -compounded by the priests by ingredients - (myrrh, frankincense, etc,) which, for the most part, came from Arabia. An Egyptian beauty was well supplied with cosmetics, and she .knew how .to use. red and white paint for the complexion and kohl, to increase the brilliancy of the eyes? 

Kohl, according to a fashionable hairdresser, is used by English women in fairly large Quantities to-day-by actresses, in particular. It is a powder and applied with a stump. Kohl is, I believe, harmless, and is used by women of the East for protecting their eyes from the fierce glare of the sun. It is less perceptible than greasepaint when applied, and therefore more suitable for day use."

A 1929 newspaper article reads:

WOMEN OF ANCIENT EGYPT SEVEN THOUSAND YEARS OF COSMETICS ADORNED THEMSELVES LIKE FLAPPERS
By C. H. LEVY 

"Is the lipstick 7,000 years old? Professor Herman Junkers, of the Vienna Academy of Science, has lately found evidence while conducting explorations in the Nile Delta that this venerable antiquity may be an archaeological fact. Although war was waged against the lipstick by philosophers even in pagan times, as well as by priests, monks, and nuns in the Christian era, and while it has continued to be a subject for disparagement even to-day by some medical monitors, the men of ancient Egypt held a much more Interesting point of view. 

Some thousands of years before the Christian era, in a well-to-do Egyptian household one can visualize the male head of the family looking impatiently at his spouse as she applied "just a little lipstick." After waiting for the procedure to be finished, one might hear him say exasperatedly. "I wish you'd hurry up. You promised to lend me that rouge jar, and here you are hogging it again." Amusingly enough, the society man of those days was not averse to beautifying himself, even if he had to take recourse to his wife's dressing table. 

Through the recent discoveries of remains of the neolithic age, it is now established that the art of personal decoration which began at this time and developed steadfastly throughout the ages, was first utilized by men and women of fashion, who not only colored their lips, but also tinted their cheeks to add to the attractiveness of their faces. In ancient Egypt it was considered suitable amusement at a feast for men and women to embellish their faces in each other's presence and then to anoint themselves with their own special unguents and perfumes. But even then, as now, though they might occasionally indulge in the artifices of make-up, the women had major control of the cosmetic market.

Belles of Antiquity
It has taken Egyptologists, archaeologists, and even paleontologists to prove to the curious that primitive women had their perfumes, their hair washes, their face cosmetics, and even their remedies for sunburn, and these not much different in application from the toilet accessories of to-day. Fair skin, for instance, was much admired.  The belles of antiquity used a mixture of white lead to whiten faces and hands. Also they used the juices of the fragrant, freshly plucked lemon as a bleach. Our sun-tanned fad femininity may smile at the partiality of the Egyptians for whitened skin, but the law of opposites held good even then. 

The women of that civilisation had naturally brown skin, through which natural coloring did not dearly show. If they disdained gardenia-like skin, they enhanced their beauty and achieved artificial highlights by recourse to the rouge pot and the lipstick. Their languishing eyes also received attention. To heighten expressiveness the forerunners of Cleopatra darkened the brows and lashes with kohl. Kohl was made from the residue of charred frankincense and phials of water from the wells of Zem-Zem. 

To-day approximately the same preparation can be obtained at only a slight difference in cost from either the beauty shop or the chemist's. Red hair was no novelty in that far-off age, and evidently no delight either. Some of the female mummies discovered in the Nile Delta are coiffed in smartly made black wigs,which fit snugly over their own natural auburn tresses. 

The art of personal decoration which began at that very remote time and developed steadily throughout the ages was at first quite understandably some what erode. Various kinds of earth and mineral as well as vegetable sub stances were used for securing the colors required to make cosmetics for gilding the lily of feminine loveliness. As the Egyptians progressed from the stone age to that of iron and bronze, the art of cosmetics and perfumes advanced proportionately. 

Homer tells us that at this time they were emphatically a nation of chemists, because they made perfumes after the science of the apothecary. Color was not the only added attraction. Odor was called into requisition. Perfumes and ointments began to fill the vanity cases of the luxurious men and women. Curiously enough, priests and princes, who formed the governing caste, ranked as large consumers. 

Baths and Perfumes 

Baths, being the enviable necessities they are, as any well-traveled person will tell you, were first raised to the rank of luxury by these same Egyptians.The upper classes bathed not only for cleanliness and coolness, but also be cause it was fastidiously enjoyable. Slaves applied perfumed ointments immediately after the dip. Large numbers of jars for holding the ointments have been found, some of them with traces of the unguent still in them. Besides these jars for unguents, there were containers for more subtle niceties.The earlier day Egyptian belles bad small, artistically fashioned flasks for holding their primitive powders and rouges. 

They had paint palettes for blending individual shades of complexions, with finely carved implements for application. There was even a delicate slate tablet with a pebble for grinding the pigment. The larger jars tor holding incense and perfumes were beautifully designed and entirely hand made, as befitted the precious preparations they contained.The tastes of the Egyptians were catered to by predecessors of the modish Paris perfumers of to-day. They cultivated and distilled the flowers and balsams for the various scents, and sent out expeditions to Arabia and even to Southern Africa to gamer the odoriferous shrubs yielding condiments to be placed in smelling bottles worthy of them. 

The Egyptians did not, of course, stop with the confection of paints and perfumes. In the harem of the Pharaoh who reigned as Ramesses II, for instance, were lavished the richest wearing apparel that could be found,dyed in the most gorgeous hues, together with jewels that have been the admiration of our modern world since they were displayed to critical view on opening toe tombs of the Pharaohs."

Ravel Perfume Corp

The Ravel Perfume Corp was established in Nice, France and had a branch in New York City.